10/06/2016 Western Literature (week4)
Virgil
was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period.
He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and
the epic Aeneid.
Aeneid is a Latin
epic poem, written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells
the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the
ancestor of the Romans.
Aeneas
Flees Burning Troy, Federico Barocci, 1598 Galleria Borghese, Rome
Deity
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description
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Aphrodite (Ἀφροδίτη, Aphroditē)
Goddess
of beauty, love, desire, and pleasure. Although married to Hephaestus she had many lovers, most notably Ares, Adonis, and Anchises. She was depicted as an extraordinarily
beautiful woman, with poets praising the radiance of her smile in particular.
Her symbols include roses and other flowers, the scallop shell, and the myrtle wreath. Her sacred animals include doves
and sparrows. Her Roman counterpart is Venus.
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Apollo (Ἀπόλλων, Apóllōn)
God of
music, arts, knowledge, healing, plague, prophecy, poetry, manly beauty, and
archery. He is the son of Zeus and Leto, and the twin brother of Artemis. Both Apollo and Artemis use a bow and
arrow. Apollo is often incorrectly identified as the god of the sun. Although
Apollo is the god of the sun in Roman mythology, Helios is the god of the sun
in Greek mythology. In sculpture, Apollo is depicted as a very handsome,
beardless young man with long hair and an ideal physique. As the embodiment
of perfectionism, he could be cruel and destructive, and his love affairs
were rarely happy. He often appears in the company of the Muses. His attributes
include the laurel
wreath and lyre. His sacred animals include roe
deer,
swans, cicadas, hawks, ravens, crows, foxes, mice, and snakes. His Roman
counterpart is also named Apollo.
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Ares (Ἄρης, Árēs)
God of
war, bloodshed, and violence. The son of Zeus and Hera, he was depicted as a beardless youth,
either nude with a helmet and spear or sword, or as an armed warrior. Homer portrays him as moody and unreliable, and
he generally represents the chaos of war in contrast to Athena, a goddess of
military strategy and skill. Ares is known for cuckolding his brother
Hephaestus and conducting an affair with Aphrodite. His sacred animals
include vultures, venomous snakes, dogs, and boars. His Roman counterpart Mars by contrast was regarded as the dignified
ancestor of the Roman people.
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Artemis (Ἄρτεμις, Ártemis)
Virgin
goddess of the hunt, wilderness, animals, young girls, childbirth, and
plague. In later times Artemis became associated with bows and arrows. She is
the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and twin sister of Apollo. In art she is often depicted as a young
woman dressed in a short knee-length chiton and equipped with a hunting bow and a
quiver of arrows. Her attributes include hunting spears, animal pelts, deer and other wild animals. Her sacred animals
include deer, bears, and wild boars. Her Roman counterpart is Diana.
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Athena (Ἀθηνᾶ, Athēnâ)
Goddess
of reason, wisdom, intelligence, skill, peace, warfare, battle strategy, and
handicrafts. According to most traditions, she was born from Zeus's forehead,
fully formed and armored. She is depicted as being crowned with a crested
helm, armed with shield and spear, and wearing the aegis over a long dress. Poets describe her as
"grey-eyed" or having especially bright, keen eyes. She is a
special patron of heroes such as Odysseus. She is the patron of the city Athens
(which was named after her) and is attributed to various inventions in arts
and literature. Her symbol is the olive tree. She is commonly shown as being
accompanied by her sacred animal, the owl. Her Roman counterpart is Minerva.
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Demeter (Δημήτηρ, Dēmētēr)
Goddess
of grain, agriculture, harvest, growth, and nourishment. Demeter is a
daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and a sister of Zeus, by whom she bore Persephone. Demeter is one of the main deities of the
Eleusinian Mysteries, in which her power over the life cycle of
plants symbolizes the passage of the human soul through life and into the
afterlife. She is depicted as a mature woman, often crowned and holding
sheafs of wheat and a torch. Her symbols are the cornucopia, wheat-ears, the winged serpent, and the
lotus staff. Her sacred animals include pigs and snakes. Her Roman
counterpart is Ceres.
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Dionysus (Διόνυσος, Diónysos)/Bacchus
(Βάκχος, Bákkhos)
God of
wine, fruitfulness, parties, festivals, madness, chaos, drunkenness,
vegetation, and ecstasy. In art he is depicted as either an older bearded god
or an effeminate, long-haired youth. His attributes include
the thyrsus, a drinking cup, the grape vine, and a
crown of ivy. He is often in the company of his thiasos, a group of attendants including satyrs, maenads, and his old tutor Silenus. The consort of Dionysus was Ariadne. His sacred animals include dolphins,
serpents, tigers, and donkeys. A later addition to the Olympians, in some
accounts he replaced Hestia. Bacchus was another name for him in Greek, and
came into common usage among the Romans
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God of
the underworld and the dead. His consort is Persephone. His attributes are the drinking horn or cornucopia, key, sceptre, and the three-headed dog Cerberus. His sacred animals include the screech
owl. He was one of three sons of Cronus and Rhea, and thus sovereign over one of the three
realms of the universe, the underworld. As a chthonic god, however, his place among the
Olympians is ambiguous. In the mystery religions and Athenian literature, Pluto ("the
Rich") was his preferred name, with Hades referring to the
underworld itself. The Romans translated Plouton as Dis
Pater
("the Rich Father") or Pluto.
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Hephaestus (Ἥφαιστος, Hḗphaistos)
God of
fire, metalworking, and crafts. Either the son of Zeus and Hera or Hera alone, he is the smith of the gods
and the husband of the adulterous Aphrodite. He was usually depicted as a bearded,
crippled man with hammer, tongs, and anvil, and sometimes riding a donkey.
His sacred animals include the donkey, the guard dog, and the crane. Among
his creations was the armor of Achilles. Hephaestus used the fire of the forge as
a creative force, but his Roman counterpart Vulcan was feared for his destructive potential
and associated with the volcanic
power of the
earth.
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Hera (Ἥρα, Hḗra)
Queen
of the gods, and goddess of marriage, women, childbirth, heirs, kings, and
empires. She is the wife and sister of Zeus, and the daughter of Cronus and Rhea. She was usually depicted as a regal woman
in the prime of her life, wearing a diadem and veil and holding a
lotus-tipped staff. Although she is the goddess of marriage, Zeus's many
infidelities drive her to jealousy and vengefulness. Her sacred animals
include the heifer, the peacock, and the cuckoo. Her Roman counterpart is Juno.
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Hermes (Ἑρμῆς, Hērmēs)
God of
boundaries, travel, communication, trade, language, and writing. The son of Zeus and Maia, Hermes is the messenger of the gods, and
a psychopomp who leads the souls of the dead into the
afterlife. He was depicted either as a handsome and athletic beardless youth,
or as an older bearded man. His attributes include the herald's wand or caduceus, winged sandals, and a traveler's cap. His
sacred animals include the tortoise. His Roman counterpart is Mercury.
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Hestia (Ἑστία, Hestía)
Virgin
goddess of the hearth, home, and chastity. She is a daughter of Rhea and Cronus, and a sister of Zeus. Not often identifiable in Greek art, she
appeared as a modestly veiled woman. Her symbols are the hearth and kettle.
In some accounts, she gave up her seat as one of the Twelve
Olympians in
favor of Dionysus, and she plays little role in Greek myths.
Her Roman counterpart Vesta, however, was a major deity of the Roman
state.
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Poseidon (Ποσειδῶν, Poseidōn)
God of
the sea, rivers, floods, droughts, and earthquakes. He is a son of Cronus and Rhea, and the brother of Zeus and Hades. He rules one of the three realms of the
universe, as king of the sea and the waters. In art he is depicted as a
mature man of sturdy build, often with a luxuriant beard, and holding a trident. His sacred animals include the horse and
the dolphin. His wedding with Amphitrite is often presented as a triumphal
procession. In
some stories he rapes Medusa, leading to her transformation into a hideous
Gorgon and also to the birth of their two children, Pegasus and Chrysaor. His
Roman counterpart is Neptune.
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Zeus (Ζεύς, Zeus)
King of
the gods, ruler of Mount Olympus, and god of the sky, weather, thunder,
lightning, law, order, and justice. He is the youngest son of Cronus and Rhea. He overthrew Cronus and gained the
sovereignty of heaven for himself. In art he is depicted as a regal, mature
man with a sturdy figure and dark beard. His usual attributes are the royal
scepter and the lightning bolt. His sacred animals include the eagle and the
bull. His Roman counterpart is Jupiter, also known as Jove.
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※Technology
VR (virtual
reality)
VR typically
refers to computer technologies that use software to
generate realistic images, sounds and other sensations that replicate a real
environment (or create an imaginary setting), and simulate a user's physical
presence in this environment, by enabling the user to interact with this space
and any objects depicted therein using specialized display screens or
projectors and other devices.
AR (Augmented Reality)
AR is
a live direct or indirect view of a physical, real-world environment whose
elements are augmented (or supplemented) by computer-generated
sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data.
※Achilles' heel
An Achilles' heel is a weakness in spite of overall strength, which can actually or potentially lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, idiomatic references to
other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common.
※Prefix
An Achilles' heel is a weakness in spite of overall strength, which can actually or potentially lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, idiomatic references to
other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common.
※Prefix
ag- drive, lead, force, act. agent, agile, agitate
astr- law. astronaut, astrology
ver- / vir- truth. verify, virtual, veritas (Harvard’s
motto)
※Definition
rally: come together again in order to continue fighting after a defeat or dispersion
oracle: a priest or
priestess acting as a medium through whom advice or prophecy was sought from
the gods in classical antiquity.
prophecy: a prediction.
Fortification: a defensive wall or
other reinforcement built to strengthen a place against attack.
by Chang I-Hsin
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